Iron Oxide

Iron oxide pigments are the most often used colour pigments in the world. They are available in the primary colours yellow (FeOOH), black (Fe3O4) and red (Fe2O3), but also as a mixture in orange, beige and brown shades.

The History Of Iron Oxide.

Iron Oxides have been used since prehistoric times (mainly the red shades). They were first used by cavemen to leave testimony of their presence in cave dwellings including animal drawings to ensure bountiful hunting. The first cave drawing was found in the Saubia Mountains (Germany), Lascaux (France) and Altamira (Spain). They were painted between 40,000 and 10,000 BC. Iron Oxide rich mineral clays provided the colors used. Iron Oxide was later found in Neolithic ceramic, Renaissance or Impressionist paintings, bricks of early cities, etc. Natural Iron Oxides are still used nowadays. However, synthetic types are much more popular nowadays because of their higher pigment performance. Their widespread use is due to their natural shade and outstanding chemical, physical and technical properties, which make them essential in many applications.

---

Key Attributes

Range:	Iron Oxides
Sub-range:	Red Iron Oxides ( GO series)
Color Index	Pigment Red 101/C.I. 77491 (Iron Oxide Red)
Basic Chemical Composition	Fe2O3
Dispersibility (*)	Excellent
Hiding Power/Opacity (*)	Excellent
Heat Fastness (*)	800ºC, 5 min
Light Fastness (*)	Excellent
Weather Fastness (*)	Excellent
Acid Fastness (*)	Excellent
Alkali Fastness (*)	Excellent
Cement compatibility (*)	Excellent
Solvent Fastness (*)	Excellent
Metamerism (*)	No
Applications	Food Contact Packaging / Toys / General Packaging / Electric and Electronic Equipment / Automotive / Construction / Fertilizers / Plant Protection Products / Industrial uses / Artist Supply and Hobby preparations.

---

Manufacturing Process

The Laux process

Reaction of black:	9 Fe + 4 C6H5NO2 + 4 H2O		3 Fe3O4 + 4 C6H5NH2
Reaction of yellow:	2 Fe + C6H5NO2 + 2 H2O		2 FeO(OH) + C6H5NH2
Reaction of red:	2 Fe3O4 + ½ O2		3 Fe2O3

Initially, the Laux process was exclusively used to manufacture aniline (C₆H₅NH₂) from nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂). Only when in 1925 the chemist, Dr Laux, found out that the iron oxide, being a by-product of this reaction, could be used, subject to certain chemical conditions, as an iron oxide pigment with extremely high colour strength. This process is primarily used for black iron oxide (e.g. Black 330), however, the reaction to get iron oxide yellow (e.g. Yellow 420) is also possible. From black iron oxide, it is also possible to produce red iron oxide pigments (e.g. Red 110) in an additional reaction stage.

The Precipitation process

2 FeSO4 + 4 NaOH + ½ O2

2 FeO(OH) + 2 Na2SO4 + H2O

In the precipitation process, iron sulphate is oxidized to yellow iron oxide pigment (Bayferrox® Yellow 920) in an alkaline environment with atmospheric oxygen. In this case, similar to the Penniman process, a yellow nucleus pigment is necessary in order to obtain yellow pigments of a high quality.

The Penniman process

2 Fe + ½ O2 + 3 H2O

2 FeO(OH) + 2 H2

In the Penniman process, iron scrap is oxidized to yellow iron oxide (Bayferrox® Yellow 920) in a sulphate acid medium in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. In this case, iron sulphate acts as a catalyst. As to obtain yellow pigments of a high quality, yellow nuclei are furthermore necessary.

Eco - Friendly

Synthetic red, yellow, orange, brown and black iron oxides are non-toxic and made from 60% post-industrial recycled content processed .